Ah, the weather—what a deceptively innocent topic, right? It starts out all small talk, but give it a minute and suddenly you’re knee-deep in a debate about the survival of the human species.
You’re standing there with someone, maybe waiting for the bus or in line for coffee, and you go, “Crazy weather we’re having, huh?” And before you know it, the conversation veers into something deeper. Like, “Hey, remember when winters were… winters?” You could count on snow by December, sledding, hot chocolate—things just made sense. But now? It’s like the seasons are pulling pranks on us. One day you’re in a t-shirt, next day, boom, cold front. The weather’s out here freelancing, making up its own rules as it goes along.

And then there’s summer. “Man, is it just me, or are these heatwaves getting worse?” you say. Nope, not just you. It’s like every year Mother Nature cranks up the heat, like she’s in some kind of global bake-off. “Hottest summer on record,” they keep saying—like it’s some kind of broken record. Meanwhile, the news has turned into a disaster playlist: tornadoes popping up where they don’t belong, floods that are basically the weather’s way of mocking our infrastructure, and wildfires? Forget it. They’re practically becoming seasonal events now.
And then you ask, “Is this just bad luck, or is there something bigger happening here?” That’s when the conversation shifts from small talk to… big talk. It’s not just weird weather anymore; it’s like the planet’s throwing out warning signs, and we’re all just standing here, wondering when it’s gonna be too late to fix.
But what’s actually happening?
What we’re experiencing is the Earth’s climate change, and it’s all being driven by something called global warming.
Global warming is essentially the steady rise in the Earth’s average temperature. But it’s not just about a few degrees here or there—it’s like adding just a little more heat to your oven every day. Eventually, things start to cook differently. The planet’s ecosystems, weather patterns, and even the oceans are all sensitive to this subtle but relentless warming.
Global warming isn’t just an environmental problem—it’s a human problem. It seeps into every corner of our lives: from the food we grow to the homes we build, from the jobs we rely on to the health we take for granted.
Welcome to the “1000whats”—where energy, climate, and all the scientific jargon that comes with it gets stripped down to its bare essentials. No PhD required. We’re about to dive deep into the forces transforming our planet, but in the simplest, most understandable way possible.
Get ready, because this is a journey that affects all of us.
What is global warming?
Global warming is a term that was created to explain the increase in the Earth’s average temperature over time. Remember, this doesn’t mean that every day is going to feel hotter than the last. Instead, it refers to the gradual rise in average temperature when we look at long periods, like decades or centuries.
How much has the temperature risen?
Since the late 1800s, the global temperature has gone up by about 1.2°C. Now, at first, you might think, “Hey, no big deal! It’s just a degree or so, right?” That’s like the difference between wearing a sweater and not wearing a sweater. After all, we deal with daily weather changes of a few degrees all the time.
When we talk about global warming, we’re not talking about the day-to-day changes in weather, like how today might be sunny and warm, and tomorrow could be cloudy and cooler. Instead, we’re talking about the average temperature of the entire planet over a long period of time.
The concept of “average temperature”
So, let’s dig into what this “average temperature” actually means, because that’s key.
Think of it like this: if you measure the temperature every day for a year, some days will be hot and some days will be cold. The average temperature is what you get when you add up all those daily temperatures and divide them by the number of days. It’s a way to understand the general trend, not just the temperature on any given day.
When scientists talk about Earth’s average temperature, they’re not concerned with whether you need an umbrella tomorrow. It’s more like they’re looking at the planet’s long-term health, taking its temperature over decades or even centuries.
That’s where it gets interesting! When we talk about global warming, we’re really just scratching the surface.
It’s like seeing a fever on a thermometer—sure, the number tells you something’s off, but it doesn’t give you the whole story of what’s happening inside the body. Global warming is a measurement, yes, but behind that simple uptick in temperature, there’s a cascade of complex, messy, and frankly unsettling changes.
Global warming is like seeing a fever on a thermometer—sure, the number tells you something’s off, but it doesn’t give you the whole story of what’s happening inside the body.
How global warming affects the planet
As the Earth gets warmer, it doesn’t just make the air hotter. It also changes the way air and water move around the planet. Normally, the sun heats the Earth unevenly, which creates wind and ocean currents. These winds and currents help distribute heat around the planet, keeping some places warm and others cooler.
But when global warming increases the temperature, it throws this system off balance.
For example:
- Warmer air holds more moisture, leading to heavier rain in some areas, while other places may get drier and experience more droughts.
- Similarly, warmer oceans can cause changes in ocean currents, which impacts weather patterns, like where storms or heatwaves happen.
So, the warming not only makes the planet hotter but also messes with the natural flow of air and water, creating more extreme weather and unpredictable conditions.
Why global warming is alarming?
Sure, the average temperature has gone up by a degree or so, and we’re still here, living our lives. So what’s the fuss, right? Well, the real issue isn’t just where we are now—it’s where we’re headed.
The scary part about global warming lies in why it’s happening. Once you understand the causes, you realize that the rise in temperature isn’t slowing down. It’s like a boulder rolling downhill—it might not seem too fast at first, but it’s gaining speed. That one-degree increase? Yeah, we can deal with that for now. But the trend doesn’t stop there. We’re barreling toward 1.5 degrees, then 2, and eventually 3 or more. And here’s the kicker—at some point, we hit the “point of no return,” where the changes we’ve set in motion become irreversible.
So the problem isn’t just the temperature today—it’s the momentum. We’re on a path that, if left unchecked, leads us straight to a place where things get a lot harder to fix. That’s what makes global warming truly alarming.
The scary part about global warming lies in why it’s happening. Once you understand the causes, you realize that the rise in temperature isn’t slowing down.
How does the Earth warm up?
Picture this:
You’ve parked your car under the blazing sun and wandered off for a few hours, maybe to enjoy a leisurely picnic or have a coffee with friends. When you come back, opening the car door feels like opening an oven. Suddenly, you’re hit by a wave of heat that could likely cook eggs.
Why does your car feel like a sauna while the outside is just typically sunny? Well, this is kind of like a mini version of what’s happening to our planet.

The car analogy: A mini version of global warming
Sunlight streams through your car’s windows, warming everything inside—the seats, dashboard, and air. These surfaces absorb the sunlight and give off heat. But, the car’s windows, while letting sunlight in, don’t let all the heat out. The heat gets trapped, making the car’s interior much warmer.
Now, picture Earth as a big car.
Our planet is surrounded by an atmosphere similar to a car’s windows. Sunlight passes through this atmosphere, warming Earth’s surface, just like sunlight warms the inside of your car. The surface and air get warmer, but not all of this heat escapes back into space.
The greenhouse effect explained
Earth doesn’t have glass windows, but it does have atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor that act similarly, trapping some of the heat.
While this car analogy helps us understand things, the real term for what’s happening on Earth is “the greenhouse effect.” Greenhouses, used for growing plants, work on the same idea – they capture heat.
The greenhouse effect is what allows life on Earth, but it’s also what’s driving global warming.
It’s key to remember that the greenhouse effect by itself isn’t bad. Actually, it’s vital for life on Earth. Without our atmosphere holding in some heat, Earth would be way too cold for us. Over millions of years, this natural greenhouse effect has made Earth just right for life.

When the ‘glass’ gets thicker
However, the concern is with the variability in the ‘thickness’ of this atmospheric ‘glass.’ Unlike the constant thickness of car windows, the heat-trapping ability of Earth’s atmosphere changes with the amount of gases like carbon dioxide and methane. These gases, also known as greenhouse gases, act like glass, keeping the heat from being released to space. More greenhouse gases in the atmosphere mean that more heat will be trapped.
For a long time, the composition of Earth’s atmosphere was stable, and so was the temperature. But now, with increasing greenhouse gases, we face an issue similar to a car getting too hot. This excessive heat-trapping leads to Earth’s average temperature rising, a phenomenon known as global warming.
The Industrial Revolution: When we cranked up the heat
This whole warming party kicked into high gear around the late 1800s, right about the time we got really good at burning stuff—specifically, coal and oil—thanks to the Industrial Revolution. That’s when we started cranking up the production of these heat-trapping gases.
Before all this, Earth’s climate had its own natural rhythm—like a dance, swaying between warmer and cooler periods in a graceful, predictable pattern. It was nature’s way, like a slow waltz that had been going on for millions of years. But here’s the thing: now the dance has sped up, and it’s like the rhythm’s gone wild.
The sudden surge in temperature we’re seeing? That’s not just Mother Nature going through one of her usual mood swings.
How scientists measure Earth’s temperature story
To figure out what’s happening, scientists do what scientists do best: measure everything. They measure today’s temperatures directly, and to peek into the past, they use clever detective work—like examining ice cores and tree rings. These natural records are like Earth’s diary, offering clues about what the climate was like before we started writing history.
The rising temperature: A rollercoaster with no fun drop
Now, take a look at the chart you’ve got in front of you. The red line shows the global average temperature anomaly—that’s just a fancy term for how much warmer or cooler it is compared to a reference point (in this case, the 1961-1990 average). The gray area around the line represents the uncertainty in the data, but the trend is clear as day. For much of the 1800s and early 1900s, temperatures wiggled up and down, like the stock market on a sleepy day. But look what happens after the mid-20th century—things start to climb. And fast.
By the time we get to the 1980s and beyond, that line is shooting upwards. It’s like Earth’s temperature has gone from a gentle uphill hike to scaling a cliff. We’re already about 1 degree Celsius warmer than the pre-industrial average, and while 1 degree might not sound like much, it’s enough to mess with weather patterns, melt glaciers, and make life a lot more challenging for everyone—humans, animals, and plants alike.
It’s like watching a rollercoaster click-clack its way to the top, except this ride doesn’t have a fun drop at the end.
Annual temperature anomalies relative to the pre-industrial period
* Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado, and Max Roser (2023) – “CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions‘ [Online Resource]
How human activities contribute to global warming?
Well, that’s a hot topic (pun intended)!
Some people think humans are causing it, especially because we burn a lot of fossil fuels. But others don’t believe this and think it’s just the way nature works. So, what’s really going on?
The case for human responsibility
Why do scientists think humans are responsible? They’ve looked at how Earth’s temperature has gone up since the mid-19th century, right when the Industrial Revolution started. This was a time when there was a big increase in burning fossil fuels for things like power plants, cars, and factories, and also more activities like farming and cutting down forests. As a result, there’s been a massive rise in greenhouse gases in the air, which matches the increase in these human activities. This is what we call an increase in ‘anthropogenic emissions‘ – emissions caused by humans.
“Anthropogenic emissions” refers to emissions caused by human activities.
Take a look at the data on CO2 emissions per person over the last 200 years, and you’ll see a sharp rise starting in the 1850s:
Per capita CO₂ emissions
* Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado, and Max Roser (2023) – “CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions‘ [Online Resource]
The skeptical viewpoint
On the other hand, there’s evidence that Earth’s climate has changed a lot over time, even during periods when humans weren’t around or couldn’t have contributed to the increase in greenhouse gases.
This is why some people are skeptical and don’t believe that modern global warming is because of human activities. But these past climate changes were due to natural causes like volcanic eruptions, changes in the sun’s activity, or shifts in Earth’s orbit.
But here’s the catch—those natural changes happened slowly over centuries. The current speed and extent of global warming are unprecedented, and no natural events can fully explain this rapid shift.
Why ignoring human impact is dangerous?
Believing that global warming is purely natural and will resolve itself is a risky mindset. It encourages inaction at a time when human-driven emissions are accelerating the problem. While natural climate cycles exist, the overwhelming evidence shows that our activities are intensifying climate changes. If we don’t tackle the root causes, we’re setting ourselves up for worsening environmental conditions that will disrupt ecosystems, destabilize economies, and deeply impact our daily lives. The longer we wait, the harder it becomes to avoid serious consequences.
While debates continue, the data strongly supports the idea that human activities are accelerating global warming. Taking action now is crucial to mitigating its impacts.
How did we become aware of global warming?
Although global warming might seem like a modern buzzword, its foundations were actually laid in the 19th century. This journey of understanding started with a Swedish scientist named Svante Arrhenius.
The discovery of CO2’s Role in warming the Earth
Back in the late 1896, Arrhenius was one of the first to realize that gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), which we create by burning things like coal and oil, could trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere. This was a big discovery because he suggested that the more CO2 we produce, the warmer our planet could get. Arrhenius even tried to figure out how changes in CO2 levels could change Earth’s temperature.
“If the quantity of carbonic acid increases in geometric progression, the augmentation of the temperature will increase nearly in arithmetic progression.” – Svante Arrhenius, 1896
His ideas were quite new at the time, and it took years for people to really understand how important they were.
The Keeling Curve: Proof of rising CO2 levels
Then, many years later in the 20th century, an American scientist named Charles Keeling added a crucial piece to the puzzle. He started measuring how much CO2 was in the air, setting up his equipment at a place called the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. This spot was perfect because it was far from cities and factories, so the air was cleaner and the measurements were more accurate.
From 1958, Keeling kept track of the CO2 levels, and what he found was startling. His measurements, which were plotted on a graph now known as the Keeling Curve, showed that CO2 in the atmosphere was increasing every year. This was the first time we had solid proof that human activities were changing the air we breathe.
Theory meets proof: A call to action
The work of both Arrhenius and Keeling has been crucial in our fight against global warming. Arrhenius gave us the theory – the idea that CO2 can warm our planet. Keeling gave us the proof – the hard data showing that CO2 levels are indeed going up because of what we do.
“Arrhenius gave us the theory, Keeling gave us the proof.”
Together, their discoveries have helped the whole world understand how important it is to take care of our planet and to be mindful of how we use energy and resources.
How do we measure and monitor global warming?
Global warming is measured through a variety of methods, each providing insights into different aspects of the Earth’s changing climate.
Here are the key ways in which global warming is measured:
Measurement method | Description | Key tools/techniques | What it measures |
Surface temperature records | Temperature readings from various points on the Earth’s surface, collected over time. | Weather stations, ships, buoys | Long-term trends in global surface temperature |
Satellite measurements | Comprehensive monitoring of Earth’s surface, atmosphere, and oceans from space. | Satellites | Surface temperature, sea level rise, ice cover, atmospheric changes |
Ocean heat content | Tracking the heat absorbed and stored in the oceans at different depths. | Ocean temperature sensors | Heat storage in the oceans, a critical element of climate change |
Ice sheets and glaciers monitoring | Observing the melting and movement of ice sheets and glaciers over time. | Satellite imagery, aerial photography, ground-based measurements | Ice cover, volume, and flow rates |
Sea level rise | Measuring the increase in sea levels as a result of melting ice and thermal expansion of oceans. | Tide gauges, satellite altimetry | Changes in sea level, a consequence of global warming |
Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations | Continuous monitoring of GHG levels in the atmosphere. | Observatories, gas sensors | Concentrations of CO2, methane, nitrous oxide—the main drivers of global warming |
Historical climate data | Using natural records to understand past climate conditions and trends. | Tree rings, ice cores, sediment layers | Past climate variability, context for human-induced warming |
Each of these methods contributes to a comprehensive understanding of global warming. By combining data from multiple sources, scientists can create a more accurate and nuanced picture of how the Earth’s climate is changing over time.
Why is global warming bad?
At first glance, global warming might seem like a positive change, especially if you enjoy warmer springs and longer summers. It could mean more outdoor activities and an extended season for beach fun.
However, this perspective overlooks the serious consequences global warming has on the environment.
Despite its seemingly mild name, global warming isn’t just about a slight increase in temperatures that can be fixed by turning up the air conditioning. It poses significant challenges for plants and animals worldwide.
Issue | Description |
Tough times for plants and animals | Plants and animals struggle to adapt to rising temperatures. Plants might not grow properly, and animals could face difficulties finding food or shelter. It’s comparable to your home suddenly changing temperature—confusing and stressful! |
Extreme weather | Global warming leads to more extreme weather events like super hot days, heavy rainstorms, and long droughts. These can be dangerous, causing floods or wildfires, which damage homes and habitats. |
Rising sea levels | Ice at the poles melts as the Earth warms, leading to rising sea levels. This causes flooding in coastal areas, potentially impacting homes and communities as the sea encroaches on land. |
Health risks | Warmer temperatures increase the risk of heat-related illnesses, especially for vulnerable populations like the elderly or outdoor workers. Additionally, diseases like malaria could spread to new areas as mosquitoes thrive in warmer regions. |
Food and water shortages | Global warming disrupts food and water supplies. Some regions may become too dry for crops, while others may experience too much rain, ruining harvests. This could lead to food shortages and higher prices. |
Impact on the ocean | Warmer ocean temperatures harm marine life, particularly coral reefs, which are essential for fish and sea creatures. A degraded ocean means losing a significant source of food and a vital part of Earth’s ecosystem. |
So, global warming is a big deal because it affects everything – our health, our homes, and all the plants and animals we share the planet with. It’s not just about enjoying a longer summer; it’s about protecting our world for the future. That’s why it’s important to understand global warming and do what we can to slow it down.
Are we doing anything to stop global warning?
Ah, the million-dollar question: Are we doing anything to stop global warming? The short answer is, yes. But the more complicated answer is… well, it depends on how you define “doing something.”
Let’s break it down.
Globally, there’s been a huge push in recent years to curb carbon emissions. Think renewable energy, like solar, wind, and hydropower, taking the spotlight. Governments are setting targets to cut back on fossil fuels—some are aiming for net-zero emissions by 2050. Electric cars are on the rise, people are shifting to greener technologies, and industries are being pressured to clean up their act. Even businesses, which historically haven’t always been on board, are starting to realize that going green is good not just for the planet but for their profits too.
But here’s where it gets tricky. These efforts are a bit like trying to turn a giant ship around in stormy seas—it’s slow, it’s hard, and we’re not moving fast enough yet. There’s a gap between what we say we’ll do and what we’re actually doing. Countries make promises at big climate summits, but the follow-through doesn’t always match. There’s also resistance from industries and politicians with vested interests in keeping the status quo. And, of course, global cooperation is a tough nut to crack.
What does the 1.5°C goal mean?
Globally, there’s been a big push to keep temperature rise below 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial levels. This target, set by the Paris Agreement, is like a safety line we really don’t want to cross.
Why 1.5°C? Because scientists have warned that beyond this point, the impacts of climate change—heatwaves, rising sea levels, extreme weather—start to get way more dangerous, unpredictable, and frankly, much harder to manage.
Category | Details |
Scientific basis | Research shows that limiting warming to 1.5°C, compared to 2°C or higher, significantly reduces the risks and impacts of climate change. It would lessen the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, reduce the risk of long-term droughts, and help preserve ecosystems. |
Environmental impacts | At 1.5°C of warming, about 70-90% of coral reefs are projected to die off. At 2°C, almost all (>99%) coral reefs could be lost. The half-degree difference could also substantially reduce the melting of ice caps and sea level rise. |
Social and economic consequences | Limiting warming to 1.5°C is crucial for food security, health, and livelihoods, especially in vulnerable communities. It can reduce the number of people exposed to climate-related risks and poverty by up to several hundred million by 2050. |
Meeting the 1.5°C target is a formidable challenge, requiring unprecedented changes in our societies and economies.
Is it too late to stop global warming?
It’s like asking if it’s too late to learn how to cook after you’ve already set the kitchen on fire. Technically, no, but you’re going to have to deal with some smoke!
The current state of global warming
First off, let’s be clear: global warming isn’t just a future problem—it’s already happened. The Earth has warmed by over 1°C since the pre-industrial period, and the impacts are already here, from melting ice caps to more intense storms and droughts.
Is stopping global warming even possible?
Completely stopping global warming, in the strictest sense, would be like trying to hit a rewind button that doesn’t exist. To do that, we’d not only have to stop all greenhouse gas emissions right this second—which is already a monumental task—but we’d also have to find a way to suck out the carbon dioxide and other gases that are already hanging around in the atmosphere like unwelcome guests. The tricky part? That’s way beyond what our current technology can handle, and the political willpower to make something like that happen globally? Let’s just say we’re not quite there yet.
Slowing down global warming: A more realistic goal
But—and this is the important part—while we might not be able to hit “stop,” we can slow things down, and that’s huge. If we reduce emissions, transition to renewable energy, protect forests, and invest in technologies that pull carbon out of the air, we can start to stabilize the climate. It’s like having a leaky boat: we can’t dry it out completely, but we can definitely plug the holes and stop it from sinking any faster.

So, while the idea of completely stopping global warming might be out of reach for now, the good news is that slowing it down, limiting the damage, and eventually stabilizing things is still very much possible. It’s not an all-or-nothing game—it’s about how much we can prevent things from getting worse. Every degree we avoid, every bit of warming we stop, makes a world of difference for the future.
What will happen if we don’t stop global warming by 2050?
Alright, let’s jump ahead to the year 2050, where humanity didn’t take the big, bold steps we needed to stop global warming. What does that world look like? Well, buckle up, because it’s not exactly a utopia.
2°C might not sound like much… but it is
First off, the temperature has likely risen by at least 2°C, maybe more. It doesn’t sound like much, right? But that seemingly small increase has unleashed a cascade of consequences. We’ve got more intense and frequent heatwaves, making summers unbearable in some places—imagine trying to live through regular 45°C (113°F) days, even in regions that used to have mild climates. Air conditioning has become a survival tool, but not everyone has access, and power grids are struggling to keep up.
Coastal cities underwater
The ice caps? They’re mostly gone. Coastal cities that seemed untouchable—places like Miami, Mumbai, and parts of New York—are either underwater or have been evacuated. Rising sea levels have displaced millions of people, creating climate refugees on a scale we hadn’t fully imagined. Countries are scrambling to figure out where to house these people, leading to political tensions, resource conflicts, and migration crises. It’s a bit of a mess.
The end of reliable agriculture
Agriculture has taken a huge hit too. With unpredictable weather patterns—droughts one year, floods the next—growing food has become a lot harder. Some regions that used to be breadbaskets are now struggling to feed themselves. Food prices are skyrocketing, and global hunger is on the rise. Water shortages are becoming the norm in some parts of the world, and competition for clean, drinkable water is getting fierce.
Wildfires and biodiversity: A devastating loss
Wildfires are an annual nightmare. Areas that used to experience fires only occasionally are now seeing megafires that rage for weeks, destroying forests, homes, and entire ecosystems. Speaking of ecosystems, we’ve lost a lot of biodiversity by 2050. Coral reefs? Mostly gone. Tropical rainforests? Severely degraded. Many species—animals, insects, plants—have gone extinct because they couldn’t adapt fast enough to the rapidly changing conditions.
The economy is strained
Economically, the world is strained. The cost of dealing with these climate impacts—whether it’s rebuilding cities, dealing with disasters, or managing displaced populations—is astronomical. Insurance companies are going bankrupt, governments are stretched thin, and economic inequality has deepened, with the most vulnerable communities hit the hardest.
Political fallout
Politically, it’s a bit of a mixed bag. Some countries have banded together, trying to coordinate a response to the crisis. Others have turned inward, focusing on protecting their own borders and resources, leading to more isolationism and conflict.
2050: A hotter, rougher world
So, the world in 2050 without significant climate action? It’s still here, but it’s a rougher, hotter, more chaotic place—one where we’re constantly dealing with the fallout of choices we didn’t make when we had the chance.

Let’s try to avoid turning Earth into a wacky, dystopian sauna, shall we?
Final thoughts
You could say this wasn’t exactly the kind of bedtime reading that leaves you feeling cozy, right? Learning that we might be barreling toward a real-life Mad Max scenario in just a few decades is enough to keep anyone up at night.
But let’s not leave it on that note of doom and gloom. The truth is, we’ve been through a lot as a species. We’re tough. We’re resilient. We’ve survived ice ages, wars, plagues, and countless other challenges that should’ve knocked us out. Yet here we are, still standing. And we can get through this too—but only if we truly understand what’s happening and, more importantly, take action.
The key to saving the planet? It’s information. Knowing what we’re up against and how we can fight back. That’s the only way forward.
So, with that in mind, I’d love to hear your thoughts. Drop them in the comments—let’s start this conversation.
Here are a few questions to get you started:
- How does global warming affect you and your region or country?
- What are some of the actions that you are taking or planning to take to mitigate and adapt to global warming?
- What are some of the sources that you use or trust to learn and stay updated about global warming?
- What are some of the topics that you would like us to cover or explain in our future blog posts?
Until next time—stay curious and keep questioning!
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